Jonathan Larsons Influence On Musical Theatre Theatre Essay

Jonathan Larsons Influence On Musical Theater Essay To exhibit how a specialist impacted the advancement of Musical Theater, there will be a top to bottom investigation of Jonathan Larsons works Rent and Tick, TickBoom, which will show how his style affected other present day professionals that got a portion of their thoughts dependent on his works and how his functions were affected by different experts before all else. Jonathan Larson was to be sure an astounding author and writer who had his own accounts to tell. Despite the fact that his demise came too soon, his prosperity can in any case be found in his most prominent work, the melodic Rent and it might be said that As a craftsman, Jonathan Larsons found his enthusiasm for music following Elton John and Billy Joel, yet it was melodic performance center that grabbed his attention while his folks acquainted him with the melodic Fiddler on the Roof. As he later on said without anyone else, he generally needed to compose music that could consolidate these impacts. The way lead him to a multi year show major, yet it was the forming that was his principle intrigue and soon enough he began composing music for school creations. During his school years Jonathan Larson got in contract with the author Stephen Sondheim, who was likewise his most grounded melodic performance center impact and later on his tutor. Sondheim revealed to him later that Never the less he didnt go on as an entertainer and stepped into the forming world,he was as yet a battling craftsman who go through years living his time on earth filling in as a server just to cover his tabs, while composing various dramatic pieces with a poor example of overcoming adversity. With the melodic Tick, TickBoom, which was a self-portraying work of Larsons life and was mirroring his adjust inner self, he at last got perceived, yet at the same time not how he would have preferred to. As Siegel depicts the show in New York times The tunes and stories were half-clever and half-harsh stories of awfu l readings and tending to tables. He tended to his failure with putting the demonstration of in 1994. Be that as it may, there was still no purpose behind him to surrender, particularly when he got into joint effort with Billy Aronson, a playwrighter who messed with refreshing Puccinis show La Boheme. The task didnt begin until 1991, when Larson wanted to recount to the anecdote about his companions who were determined to have AIDS. Larson expressed himself while he was as yet alive and that genuinely speak to the way that Rent went since the start of the show till this day. Numerous connections between the enormous accomplishment of the show and Larsons demise have been made during the time, yet it isn't said without a doubt that his passing is the reason for such a major achievement of the melodic Rent. The main thing that can be said without a doubt is, that the show is well known as the various measures of grants that the show won present. , said by Wilson Jermaine Heredi, an en tertainer of the first cast from Rent, shows that Rent truly was another period in theater. At no other time was there a melodic recounting to a tale about HIV tainted individuals, medications and gay people. The surveys for the show were generally welcomed, as revealed in New York times. In any case, it was the crowd who gave Jonathan Larson a possibility and made Rent to what it is today, an honor winning musicals. A melodic that is diverse to other people, since it speaks to Even however Rent is a corresponding to Puccinis 1896 show La Boheme, Jonathan Larson took the thought and teamed up with Billy Areson and changed it into a contemporary story that was never told. The crowd can find the opportunity to watch two pieces consecutive in a one collection and see the show as a decent arrangers function as well as an aesthetic creation. Masterful creation which lights up Jonathan Larsons splendor, never the less Rent owes a great deal to Stephen Sondheims work. Not that he was repea ting his thoughts in his style, There are numerous likenesses to Stephen Sondheims work Company, however they show the extraordinary difference. The setting was changed from Upper West side to the Lower East side, just as the characters which are introduced as a neediness line of multicultural youngsters that are gay, sedate addicts or over the top disapproved. It tends to be said that the shows are comparable in the manner how Stephen Sondheim and Jonathan Larson introduced New York and their thoughts. In addition to the fact that Sondheims influenced reflect in Jonathan Larsons Rent in the correlation with Company, yet in addition his melodic Sunday in the Park with George. Theres a typical topic in the two shows which exhibit a focal character that has left from completing something that is significant illegal individual relationship. The two shows portray that Never the less, nothing can take Larsons achievement away. He was an incredible arranger and author who had the option t o take Sondheims thoughts and reproduce them with his own style. This shows how large of an effect Stephen Sondheim made on Larson. In a meeting for New York Times, Stephen Sondheim later talked about Jonathan Larson and said that an extraordinary melodic theater author . Stephen Sondheim as his guide empowered him while he was as yet alive to engage with the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Jonathan Larson portrayed it as , however he valued the experience later, in light of the fact that it allowed him to meet new authors and that gave him more trust in his work. Exactly when he has later composed increasingly material he said Lease is delegated a stone melodic, in light of its stone impact. Instances of such musicals are Hair and Spring Awakening, which are both connected to Rent. It very well may be said that Hair was a major effect on Rent, due to the effect it made in that period, when individuals werent discussing medications and radicals. Hair offered a major expression around then as rented. The two musicals recounted to an account of disarray in every age. The two works might be viewed as generational songs of devotion. Not in view of the dissent, yet of its at long last, young eagerness, in any event, when the adolescent being referred to is in danger. Hair can be viewed as an achievement for Rent, which later affected on Spring Awakening. In spite of the fact that Spring Awakening was at that point written in 1891 as a play, it s stunning story of affirmation of immature sexuality kicked things off tastefully, going past naturalism to foretell expressionism. Since circumstances are different and today society is progressively receptive to the ethnological, sexual, and all other disputable parts of human life, the impacts of Spring Awakening just as Rent have changed. In Spring Awakening the characters are as yet encountering their enlivening spring of sexuality and several scenes may in any case shock the crowd, yet when all is said in done todays network is progressively used to that dramatic at this point. As Rent made showy history with shipping Puccinis La Boheme to New York, Spring Awakening made its own sort of history by putting a cutting edge turn on a questionable play. It very well may be said that Rent had its persuasions and continued passing that to different musicals. Despite the fact that Jonathan Larson didnt find the opportunity to observe the achievement of his lifes work, he deserted two exceptional musicals, which are both in topic obvious. Similaritys in Tick, tickBoom, particularly in the characters, for which may appear they are here and there show that Jonathan Larsons work had a more profound importance and an idea of recollections of his lost companions. As an arranger his response to the affirmation that he has recently lost individuals that he cherishes was to compose something accordingly. He later on said,Despite the way that he never found the opportunity to perceive how his words and music motivated individuals, the melodic Rent despite everything continues filling theaters with his story and the influence that he deserted might be seen in new works showing up on the stage. Jonathan Larson needed to give every one of the an exercise about how to go on in the hour of extraordinary misfortune and nothing for allowed.

Maori Culture Essay Example for Free

Maori Culture Essay Unique The Maori, which implies normal or normal, showed up in New Zealand in the fourteenth century. Polynesian by drop, they originated from the legendary place where there is Hawaiki, accepted by numerous specialists to be a mix of spots, including Tahiti, Samoa, Hawaii and the Cook Islands. After showing up in New Zealand, the Maori named the pleasant land Aotearoa, or place that is known for the long white cloud. The Maori Culture The Maori like numerous other Pacific Islanders began their excursion in a kayak. Living on an island managed the Maori with a one of a kind and different culture that is as yet clear in Modern day New Zealand. In the following scarcely any pages I will give you a concise look at the Maori lifestyle at that point and now. I will examine the conviction and worth framework, sexual orientation jobs, mending the wiped out and furthermore the effect of Colonialism on the Maori lifestyle. There are three fundamental convictions and estimations of the Maori. I nga wa o Mua, Whakapapa and Mana. I nga wa o Mu. Maori accept that progenitors and heavenly creatures are ever-present and ready to help the clan in the midst of hardship. The Maori world view is to glance before us to the past for direction as that is the place we originated from. It was a result of this way of thinking that the Maori didn't advantageously disregard the Treaty of Waitangi once it was agreed upon. Through confronting the past they can gain from past errors and not rehash them. This idea is completely turned around in different societies, who attempt to urge them to disregard the past and to put things behind them Whakapapa Whakapapa deciphered methods parentage. The Maori accept that everything and everybody are associated and in this manner a piece of their Whakapapa. Whakapapa incorporates family histories of profound and fanciful centrality, just as data about the people clan and the land the individual in question lives on. The Whakapapa is passed down orally as stories. One of the most acclaimed stories is story of the making of Aotearoa. Aotearoa was pulled from the ocean by the demi god Maui. Maui was the remainder of five siblings and was known to be astute. He stowed away in the kayak of his siblings and when they would not give him snare to angle he took his otherworldly snare and cut his face and spread the blood on his snare with the goal that his blood would draw in the fish. Smelling the blood the divine force of the ocean gave Maui his greatest fish. Maui requested that his siblings not cut up and eat the fish until legitimate game plans had been made to mollify and thank the divine beings for their blessing. While Maui was ashore attempting to pull the vessel to shore his siblings began to cut the fish since it began to move. That is the reason Aotearoa the fish and the mountains and the valleys are the place Maui’s siblings attempted to cut the fish. Mana As indicated by the Merriam-Webster word reference, Mana is â€Å"Among Polynesian and Melanesian people groups, an extraordinary power or force that might be attributed to people, spirits, or lifeless things. Mana might be acceptable or malevolent, valuable or perilous, yet it isn't unoriginal; it is never talked about aside from regarding amazing creatures or things. The term was first utilized in the nineteenth century in the West regarding religion, however mana is presently viewed as an emblematic method of communicating the unique characteristics ascribed to people of status in a progressive society, of giving authorization to their activities, and of clarifying their failures†. The Maori have faith in three types of Mana. The primary kind of Mana is the Mana that you have when you are conceived. This Mana originates from your Whakapapa and can credit to the position and status of your relatives. This Mana isn't just the precursor themselves yet in addition the deeds that they did and the aptitudes, qualities and capacities instructed to them by their tupuna (seniors). The second sort of Mana will be Mana given to you by others. Today there are individuals who look for Mana and intentionally circumvent attempting to pick up Mana by educating individuals regarding their own significance. There is a Maori saying: â€Å" The Kumara doesn't discuss its’ own sweetness.† But Mana searchers do precisely that. Humbleness is an exceptionally esteemed quality in the Maori world. A large number of the incredible pioneers are exceptionally unassuming individuals, henceforth part of their enormity. The Maori individuals praise them enthusiastically, consequently elevating their Mana. You will never hear the incredible pioneers singing their own gestures of recognition. It isn't that they are attempting to be modest; it is that they simply are. The third kind of Mana will be Mana from the gathering. The best model I could think of is the Mana of the marae. The marae is the consecrated yard that you should be officially welcomed to enter just because. The marae is the place difficulties are met and issues are discussed. At the point when you remain on a Marae all are dealt with well and took care of incredible food. At the point when the guest leaves they inform everybody concerning the extraordinary time they had therefore expanding the Mana of the marae. On the off chance that they tell everybody they were dealt with sick and harsh, at that point the Mana of the marae diminishes. Conventional Maori fables centers around resistances between sets, for example, earth and sky, life and passing, and male and female. From the hour of creation the first couple, Rangi (sky) and Papa (earth) were secured sexual association until the god Tane had the option to push them separated and accommodate the formation of human life. So as should be obvious resistance existed before the formation of human life as indicated by Maori conventional stories. It at that point would get the job done that restriction would exist all through Maori culture. Pre-marriage sexual connections were viewed as typical for Maori young people. The two guys and females were relied upon to have a progression of private connections before they wedded. At the point when Maori females turned out to be explicitly dynamic, they were to openly recognize this with the goal that they could become inked. Inking denoted their custom and open entry into adulthood. It was additionally viewed as amazingly appealing and suggestive. Inking among the Maori was profoundly evolved and very emblematic. Maori facial tattoos were made by two strategies. One was by puncturing and pigmenting the skin with an inking brush. The other was by making perpetual furrows in the face with an etch like instrument. . Females were likewise inked in Maori society. Female facial inking was known as ta ngutu. Plans were set on the jaw and lips. With regards to affliction and mending in Maori culture things were totally different before Colonization. In conventional occasions before the colonization of New Zealand, Maori considered science to be religion as a similar substance and accepted that sicknesses were brought about by powerful sources. Maori had a decent idea of life structures, physiology and the utilization of plants for mending; anyway there was a vague qualification between the psyche and body. Maori accepted a detestable soul or a kind of black magic would assault a person to cause sick wellbeing as a discipline for breaking the tapu (consecrated limitation) of the family that the soul had a place with. This kind of ailment was called mate atua (ailment of the divine beings) since there was no conspicuous physical reason. The individual would encounter torment, shortcoming, loss of hunger, discomfort, fever and every so often ridiculousness because of ownership of the soul. At the point when Captain James Cook colonized New Zealand in 1830 he carried with him, hesitant plants and creatures just as firearms, liquor and sicknesses that the Maori were recently presented to. New Zealand’s disengagement implied that the Maori individuals needed insusceptibility to bacterial and viral diseases that were normal in different nations. The Maori found that their mending strategies were inadequate against the new sicknesses and needed to depend on the medications of the teachers. The viability and fame of the missionaries’ meds aided the change of Maori to Christianity. It appeared to the Maori that the Christian god had better powers and this credited than the wellbeing and flourishing of the Europeans. The essentials of Maori society, culture, religion and medication got stressed as religion was engaged with their regular daily existences and a considerable lot of their convictions depended on it. The individuals started to lose their Mana because of the move of religion and the spread of Western information subverting the tohunga’s ( otherworldly pioneer) authority The defeat of the whare wananga (school of learning) was additionally because of contention between Maori religion and Christianity. In 1907 the Tohunga Supression Act was passed because of concern being raised over the training and security of some tohunga. Maori mending was viewed as ‘dangerous’ by Western present day medication as it was not deductively demonstrated. The Tohunga Suppression Act was revoked in 1962 anyway this had little essentialness as some tohunga had rehearsed all through the twentieth century particularly in remote rustic regions of the nation. Tohunga are as yet huge in current Rongoa Maori anyway present day tohunga have not been prepared in customary techniques giving them a place of power and eminence anyway they are as yet perceived as specialists in their field. Numerous cutting edge tohunga demonstrated potential in their adolescence by investing energy with their older folks and learning innate and social legend. They at that point turned into an understudy under a built up tohunga to get familiar with their ability Current Maori social insurance depends on an all encompassing model that consolidates the physical, enthusiastic, family and profound parts of wellbeing. Every angle must be dealt with or used to guarantee full recuperation of a patient. The present capacity of current tohunga is shifted. Customary medication is joined into the tohunga’s practice anyway conventional strategies for karakia (drones) and inoi (supplication) are still widely utilized. Local plants for therapeutic designs are broadly utilized anyway utilization of employments shifts between every specialist. References 1. Franklin-Barbajosa, Cassandra. Tattoo: Pigments of Imagination. National Geographic News. Walk 7, 2008. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0412/online_extra.html 2. Maori.or

Using Persuasive Examples in Writing an Essay

Using Persuasive Examples in Writing an EssayIf you're planning to write an essay but don't know how to go about it, then keep reading. There are many persuasive samples you can use to get ideas for your own essay. The idea of writing an essay is something many students have in common. If you don't know how to get started writing a persuasive essay, then here are some persuasive samples you can take from.Firstly, if you've already decided on the topic of your essay, then put that into the first paragraph. Tell us what it is you're going to write about. If you're not sure, ask your friends or family members for help.Then you should make your points. This should be set out in a list. For example, you could have a list of reasons why you believe that your opinion is correct. You could also list a list of reasons why your ideas are right. Your list should show us your strengths and weaknesses.After the points, you should make your conclusion. Make sure you're clear and concise when you s ay your conclusion. If you need to add some extra information, then put that in at the end.Finally, you should spell out your thesis statement. You should be able to provide a summary of your main points. Don't forget to include a list of references where you got your information.When you're finished writing your essay, you should try to think of one or two of these persuasive samples and apply them to your main problem. Now you're almost ready to submit it to the paper.When you're finished, you should look over your essay again, making sure that the structure is correct and the sentence structure is working for you. Remember that this essay doesn't need to be perfect. It just needs to get a passing grade. If you find that it's too difficult, then you should give it a miss and move onto another idea.Write an essay like this every time you start with a new idea. That way, you'll find it easy to write well.

The Social Construction of Childhood Essay - 2194 Words

While all societies acknowledge that children are different from adults, how they are different, changes, both generationally and across cultures. â€Å"The essence of childhood studies is that childhood is a social and cultural phenomenon† (James, 1998). Evident that there are in fact multiple childhoods, a unifying theme of childhood studies is that childhood is a social construction and aims to explore the major implications on future outcomes and adulthood. Recognizing childhood as a social construction guides exploration through themes to a better understanding of multiple childhoods, particularly differences influencing individual perception and experience of childhood. Childhood is socially constructed according to parenting style†¦show more content†¦He then analyzes these measures into how it would be possible to change the perception of childhood, making it possible for all children, within any environment, to enhance their capabilities provided the oppo rtunities to reach success. He explores the experience of childhood according to social cultural beliefs and expectations, parental income, poverty, race and effects of parenting styles or adult roles in children’s environment. Tough tackles the theme centered on cultural belief and practice about what kinds of adults children should become, finding links to parental income. He focuses on the cognitive hypothesis which is based on the idea of preparing children for adulthood by sending them to school in order to learn cognitive skills such as problem solving, reading, writing etc. This theory relies solely on standardized testing to determine success and acts in creating a gap between children based on their economic status or parent’s income. According to the cognitive hypothesis, children who are born into low income and poverty experience a different type of childhood, a lesser quality than children who are born to middle or upper class parents. In other words, c hildren in poverty are not able to reach the same levels of success as children born into families with more money and therefore more resources. The experience of childhood by children in poverty differs from children not in poverty. Children in poverty are prone to more risk factors such as lackShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Social constructionism gives meaning to phenomenon in social context and connections between culture and society build up realities in their circumstances. The studies of this idea have been conducted more than thirty years by a number of North American, British and continental writers (Burr, 1995). However, in childhood studies this notion appears later on. It is mostly held universally, childhood is a stage that biologically existing in human life in early years. It should be consideredRead MoreSocial Construction Of Childhood Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of social construction of childhood. I am very familiar with the history of psychology and children’s literature. My grandmother used to live with us when I was a young, and she told me many stories of the past. For this reason, I am able to link the materials I study to the real world. The social construction of childhood is somehow new to me. Especially the way Postman (1999) expresses social construction of chi ldhood. For example, he stated, â€Å"In the twentieth century, childhood began toRead MoreChildhood Is The Social Construction Of Children1606 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood is the social construction of children, where they develop and understand different relationships and cultures in their society. Children grow up during their childhood, when they realise their â€Å"sense of meaning in their lives† (Layard and Dunn 2009, p.9), by socializing and personal development. Childhood starts with a family, which is the beginning of life. Family is where children first learn about the world. In children’s perspective, as long as family members love each other, it isRead MoreChildhood And The Family A Social Construction1497 Words   |  6 Pagesdirectly influences the childhood and family relationship, something I aim to explore in this assignment. Is childhood and the family a social construction? Childhood according to Aries (1960) in his book ‘Centuries of Childhood’ is that childhood is not seen as a natural occurrence but a concept created by society. This has been argued and furthermore been researched by Cunningham (2006) in his book the ‘Invention of Childhood’, where he highlights the historical features of childhood in the Middle AgesRead MoreEssay on Social Construction of Child and Childhood1406 Words   |  6 PagesSocial construction of child and childhood To start with an overview of social constructionism in very general terms leads to build understandings of child and childhood in a social world more explicitly. Notion of social construction is defined in diverse disciplines and instead of generating a description there are a number of thoughts. â€Å"It is sometimes called a movement, at other times a position, a theory, a theoretical orientation, an approach; psychologists remain unsure of its status (StamRead MoreAssess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction.1499 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanation that childhood is a social construction. Childhood is the time of a person’s life when they are a child. Childhood is said to be socially constructed, meaning that it has not been influenced by nature but has been shaped by the quality of family life and the culture within society. The social construction of childhood points out that childhood is dependent on a number of social factors rather than a biological stage. Sociologists argue about what the term ‘childhood’ actually means. TheyRead MoreTo What Extent Can Childhood Be Considered a Social Construction?1489 Words   |  6 Pageswhat extent can childhood be considered a social construction? This essay will analyse the major experiences by which childhood is constructed: one determined by the society and the other examined personally. Following this approach will be explained socially constructed childhood that asserts children’s attitudes, expectations and understandings that are defined by a certain society or culture. Furthermore various aspects of childhoods will be taken into account in relation to social, economic, historicalRead MoreExamine How Social, Historical and Spatial Constructions of Childhood and or Youth Inform the Design, Practices and Values of a Selected Institution of Childhood or Young People.733 Words   |  3 PagesExamine how social, historical and spatial constructions of childhood and or youth inform the design, practices and values of a selected institution of childhood or young people. Childhood is not a biological state, unlike infancy (Postman) it is a construction placed upon a group of humans by society (James and Prout). Differing societies have different views of what a child is and should be. The ideas surrounding children and childhood not only differ within different societies there are alsoRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 Pages Co-constructive environments create learning opportunities for children. The learning strategy of co-construction is an extension of the philosophy of constructivism that maintains interpretation is required to â€Å"make meaning† of the world (Schwandt, as cited in MacNaughton Williams, 2009). The early childhood setting often bases their program on the developmental play curriculum as this relates to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognition. This approach is about the child constructing their ownRead MoreHow Childhood Has Changed over the Centuries1220 Words   |  5 Pagesideas about childhood over the centuries, there are several points of discussion that arise. Many ideas surrounding the change and evolved over the centuries, ideas such as the views towards education and the impact of the industrial revolution on westerns societies views towards childhood, due to the limited space, this essay will focus on two underlying issues which have contributed greatl y to the changing ideas about childhood over the centuries, which are; the recognition of childhood and innocence

A Social Worker s Perspective Food Essay - 841 Words

Form a social worker’s perspective food is a human need and a right for everyone no matter a person’s race, sexual orientation, class, and status in society. Social workers understand the cycle leading to hunger in America and the impact it has on children and families. Hunger has divided families and communities by placing certain groups of people at greater risks of food insecurity. According (Coleman, Greogry Singh, 2014) â€Å"More than 1 in 5 children is at risk of hunger. Among African-Americans and Latinos, it’s 1 in 3†. Social workers plays a pivotal role implemented change in society by connecting ethical principles along with the standards of treatment from The Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the safeguard and well-being of society’s oppressed people. Human rights are the guided principles of freedom and liberty, in which everyone should have access to nutritious foods regardless of their race, sexual orientation and class. Lik ewise, social justice follows the beliefs of fairness and just treatment for all. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) strive for the amelioration of society’s most vulnerable people, the children. According to UDHR, (1948) Article 25 (1), â€Å"everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing†¦.† Yet many families are still struggling to feed their children. Given the critical need for food. Social workers have to analyzeShow MoreRelatedFood Stamps to SNAP Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesFood Stamp is a government-funded program in the United States. This is a program that helps people buy food for their families; in other words, it is a very important program to families living in poverty. It is the nation’s most important program in the fight against hunger. This program was developed in the 1960’s; it is made to improve the nutritio n level and food purchasing power of people with low-income. This program is offered to people who cannot afford to buy groceries for their familiesRead MoreKarl Marx And Functionalist Theory1329 Words   |  6 Pagessomething to agree with in each one of the three sociological perspectives. There is accuracy in conflict theory perspective in that those in power determine social order and structure. Symbolic interactionism concentrates on social interactions. Since society consists of different social structures, social interaction having an effect on society certainly makes sense. Functionalist theory takes a large-scaled or macro view of social structures or institutions. Within the institutions, there is aRead MoreThe Conflict Theory Of The Food Crisis931 Words   |  4 PagesThis food crisis is consequently causing an increasing gap between the rich and poor. This gap includes the amount and quality of food that is being consumed. Along the way, a solution to produce the amoun t of food needed to serve the population was to use Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). With the growing signs and evidence of the risk that GMOs bring, people have a right to know what is in the food that they are eating. Through conflict theory we can identify that the elite deter us from educatingRead MoreWal Mart1969 Words   |  6 Pageshighest- grossing company in the United States (Fortune 2008a), and is by far one of the most successful companies worldwide. Wal-Mart offers a place to buy the majority of our goods under one roof like electronics, furniture, clothing, pharmacy, sports, food, books etc. Wal-Mart sells good at lower price than the others and this is even shown by its slogan â€Å"save money, live better†.   It drives out smaller and sometimes even the expensive stores out of business due to its lower prices. 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Several interviewing techniques that can help with someRead MoreA Marxist And Feminist Literary Criticism1243 Words   |  5 Pages A Marxist and Feminist Literary Criticism Being a single woman with a family to support in the 1930’s was not an easy job. Especially when society had so many chips stacked against them. Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I stand Here Ironing† is a short story that addresses feminine social disorders and inequalities as well as economic disadvantages that people of lower circumstances have to overcome to survive. In the short story it is basically an autobiography of Tillie Olsen’s life told by the narrator (Emily’sRead MoreWhy Employees Should Employees At The Electoral Process Of Which Rallies Are Part Of It?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesseparation among the classes restricted in their organization s own particular antidiscrimination strategy dispersed to workers (Browne, 1943). 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Perception of the African American Males Free Essays

Perception of the African American males African Americans males are considered dangerous based on a false identity, misconceptions, and misinformation that are available in the media; this includes but is not limited to rap music, news, and TV shows. This misconception can be traced as far back as slavery. The perception of blacks’ males as being dangerous began when the slave came to America on 1619. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception of the African American Males or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the situation of being treated as property, to be freely bought and sold, and that the owner was free to split up a couple or family at any time simply by selling some of his/her slaves. African slaves started to behave in a hostile manner. Because of their behavior the Caucasians immediately started to classify the slaves as being dangerous, and they need to be tame as if they were wild animals. This lead the slave masters to start putting chain and walking around with their rifles when they would be in the fields with them. As it was stated in ‘The Brut Caricature†, it portrays black men as innately savage, animalistic, destructive, and criminal; deserving punishment, and maybe death. Due to the negative influence and portrayals of African Americans males, these individuals are often misguided. The nature vs. nurture theory comes into play. I. e. Low income black males are predisposed to innate qualities, while behavioral traits are learned i. e. through the media. â€Å"Get Rich or Die Trying† is the mentality of most African American males with the help of the media. Most males see themselves as rap stars, sports stars, and or comedians. There is limited exposure of African American as doctors or lawyers at an early age its learned that their chance of success in life is limited. The men in the low income communities have the tendencies of wanting to become like the â€Å"white man†. The main problem is that they portray the idea of â€Å"get rich quick†. These perceptions cause them to turn into drugs, and from there into violence and crimes. According to a 2006 National Urban League report a third of black males will spend time in prison before their 35th birthday. This fact could be because of the high school dropouts and the poor understanding they get from society. Yes, I said the poor understanding from society, because black men are one of the least understood groups in our country. People don’t look at the conditions that cause a lot of black men to be in the situations they’re in today, they just look at the results. † According to my findings, among men, blacks (28. 5%) are about six times more likely than whites (4. 4%) to be admitted to prison during their life. I also noted that there are more black males in prison in America than are in college. (The Black and White of Justice, Freedom Magazine). Volume 28. Another consequence for African Americans it’s that the â€Å"monster† image given by the Caucasian people are carry by the poor African American people. According to Stallworth (early 1990’s) young black males continue to follow patterns of slavery times. Many fulfill white America’s image of them legitimately by becoming successful gangster rappers, others fulfill these image illegitimately by becoming â€Å"bad niggers† Rappers, therefore reinforce the popular belief that as â€Å"bad ass niggers† young black can achieve fame, recognition, and sense of being (somebody). If they lose, however, they can face a long stay in our jails and prisons or even bodily injury and death. Which it’s happening now days. Media and the African American Males According to the book ‘Black Demons’ there is a â€Å"black pathology† a fundamental weakness in African American families that can be traced to their experiences as slaves. The news media, for example, have taken the lead in equating young African American males with aggressiveness, lawlessness, and violence. Likewise, the entertainment media have eagerly taken their cue from the journalists, and these false images not only affect race relationship but also create a self felling prophecy for African American youngsters, whose limits of achievement can be determined for them by suggestions in the media. A common stereotype about African American men is that they are engage in drug abuse a disproportionate way which it’s not true because according to statistics from the US department of Health and Human services that although eight percent of African American males cocaine, eleven percent of whites have use the same drug. This is, however, not the impression that we get from watching the evening local news or even an episode of television program COPS. Blacks Stereotyped of Being Intellectually Inferior and Criminals. Another common negative stereotype, establishes the African American male as intellectually inferior. Studies directed by psychologist Claude Stale, indicate that African American teenagers are aware that they are stigmatized as being intellectually inferior and the go to school bearing what psychologist Claude has called a â€Å"burden of suspicion† Such burden can affect their attitudes and achievements. These shadows hang over stigmatized people no matter their status or accomplishments. These stigmas have the potential to roll them of their individually and debilitate their attempts to break out of the stereotypical roles. Blacks are the repository for the American fear of crime. Ask anyone, of any race, to picture a criminal and the image will have a black face. The linked between blackness and criminality it’s routinized by terms such a â€Å"black-on-black crimes† or â€Å"black crimes†. I also have to mention the ‘black brute stereotype arise in the early 1870’s. Such stereotype is one of the pictures white Americans have in their heads about black men: as savage, violent amazingly strong and not caring about right and wrong. Even today according to my findings , blacks are three times more likely to be physically threatened, harmed or killed because if their race than whites. So this idea of whites as peaceful and blacks ad threatening to white is not rooted in fact. It is rooted in something else. Yes, there are black men who are violent and savage, who do unspeakable things. But there are white men like that too. In either case they are hardly common enough to reasonably determine one’s ideas about the ordinary people of their race. Rap Music and its influence in African American males Rap music celebrates vulgarity. Indeed, it markets vulgarity; that is its product. It is the vulgar excesses of rap-the profanity, the over-sized jewelry, the naked acquisitiveness, the sexual aggressiveness-that are its hallmarks. New media attention on rap music seems obsessed on instances of violence at rap concerts, rap producers’ illegal use of musical samples, gangster raps’ lurid fanatics of cop killing, and female dismemberment, and Black Nationalist rappers suggestions that white peoples are devils disciples. It seems that rappers to notice the influence they have in people mostly African American people, and by say this type of things they send an incorrect message to their fanatics and other people in general. In most of the songs you can find a high level of aggravated language, images, and high crimes scenarios. . According to the authors of these songs, they just make it for the entertainment of their fans without thinking of the image they are given of their people and themselves. One question and many answers from our society I took the duty to find out the perception that common US citizens have towards African American males, by submitting a question on (answersyahoo. com) people from all around our country answered to my question. The following are the answers to my survey. †¢ People poisonous stereotypes the black males with the â€Å"5 Ds†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dumb, deprived, dangerous, deviant, and disturbed†. †¢ Lazy uneducated †¢ Drug dealers †¢ Poor †¢ Hate other races †¢ They are dirty †¢ Loud, obnoxious, rude My Opinion For these reasons and many other African American males are consider dangerous for our society. But stop and think for a minute, are they all really dangerous or this is only a big misunderstanding? Can we judge them all as a whole, or there are some of them that can be excluded of being stereotyped as â€Å"dangerous†, â€Å"criminal†, etc? In my opinion we cannot judged them all as a whole and we should also try to understand the reasons behind their actions. We have to learn how to be open minded and see things from different perspectives. We also have to realize that not everything that we see and listen in the media is always the truth, there is always a second part of a story and most of the time we fail to look for that second part. African American behavior has been shaped by us (society) because of our mistreatment towards them and our racism†¦ I believe if we change the way we look at them and express about them, they will change their behavior and we no longer will have to use the statement of â€Å"dangerous† when referring to a African American male. Conclusion To conclude to this issue in question I just have to say ‘Black or white, God gave us the opportunity to succeed, and regardless of the situation we are dealt, we can all live the life we imagined. After s days of research I can’t say there is a wrong or right theory about African American males because everyone has their own way of thinking and their own opinion. But just to add ‘the world would be shocked to know that the majority of black men make the right choices and build successful families and careers every day in America, yet are rarely discussed in the headlines’. Bibliogaphy How to cite Perception of the African American Males, Papers

The Sluggers Come Home free essay sample

Whats About â€Å"The slugger’s come home† is an explicative and demonstrative video that represents an example of a negotiation process. It shows, from a baseball theme example, how does negotiation between 2 parties may work. While the video shows us the perspective of both parties, it also gives us some extra information about negotiation process. At the beginning, Dr. Margaret describes the objective of the video. She drive us though the process and give us tips, recommendations, common errors and many explanation about what is happening during the negotiation. The video introduces a common negotiation example. It shows us 2 parties, one that have a baseball stadium that needs a team, and the other that has a team and wants a place to play. At first it seems like a very easy deal, as both parties wants what the other have, but as we understand each party point of view, is easy to see that the priorities have very high differences. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sluggers Come Home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two main parties are the Curry brothers and real estate developer Barbara Meyers. Ted and Bill Curry are the owners of Curry field. They have one of the best playgrounds in the area. The field has a lot of history and now they have renovated the entire stadium, but they do not own a baseball team. The brothers want to see one good team playing in what seems to be a tradition on their family. They love baseball and all they want is to bring the Sluggers to the fans and the city. In the other side is Barbara Meyers. She manage a baseball team that currently is playing in an other field but she and their partner knows that the Curry field could give better options for incomings and prestige. Both parties want to make the deal. They both know it could benefit both sides to make the negotiation flow, but there’s some differences between that makes a little hard to involve in. The Curry brothers know their field is one of the best. They have really good intentions to make the team and the playground grow together, but they are a little bit under confidence. Even they have talk about it, and they agreed not to under or low they price, Ted, Bill and their partner knows Barbara is the best and maybe the only option they have to have a really good deal. So this make them feel insecure about having mistakes that make Barbara walk away. Barbara en the other hand is overconfidence. She knows she could do better in the Curry field but won’t pay more than what she is paying now. She does not want to look for opportunities, and that makes she a difficult negotiation partner. The Stanford Video Guide to Negotiating: The Sluggers Come Home Margaret Neale

The Political and Moral Framework The WritePass Journal

The Political and Moral Framework References The Political and Moral Framework Introduction The existing relationship between morality and law is both interlinked and complex. Morality may be interpreted as a collection of beliefs values and principles which can vary between individuals. The law however is usually interpreted as those principles and rules which direct and enforce certain types of behaviour in society can be punished. However there are many grey areas where it is difficult to reach agreement over morality and standards of behaviour in our society (Martin J, 2010). Positivism emphasises the separation of morality and law, pointing out that law is the group of official rules and regulations found in legislation, legal opinions and constitutions. It is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of people. Law therefore is a formal aid to social contrast and legal systems are a route to establishing and keeping social order in society. Natural law theorists point out that if a law is not a moral one there is no reason to obey it, whereas positivists believe that until a law is changed, it is the law and should be obeyed. Morality requires the conforming to by following standards and principles, â€Å"a religious code of conduct†, a moral right, â€Å"a claim people would think is justified but not necessarily supported by law†. Morality is very personal to an individual, but law covers society. However in a legal system there is an overlap between legal and moral rules. Telling lies or acting dishonestly is usually thought to be morally wrong, and dishonesty in some circumstances may be thought as legally wrong (http://sixthformlaw.info (17th March 2011). The Hart – Fuller debate pointed to Hart’s belief that no necessary link between a legal system and ideas of morality existed. A legal system, he believed can function effectively though it is neither moral nor just. The Nazi regime, in his view was a legal system as the Nazis argued that racial distinctions were relevant and reflected the morality of their society (http://sixthformlaw.info (17th March 2011). Both Hart and Fuller agreed however that immoral and unjust legal systems were very likely to be unstable and short lived. By lacking morality and justice the allegiance of the people will not follow therefore repression of the people will result. When repression fails, the system will fail. Devlin (1959) pointed out that â€Å"law without morality destroys freedom of conscience and is the road to tyranny†. He argued that criminal law must respect and reinforce the moral norms of society to keep social order from breaking down. (http://sixthformlaw.info (17th March 2011) Law and morality are intertwined and both dictate the manner in which people are expected to behave. The making and passing of laws is heavily influenced by moral viewpoints and these have a very large effect on the progress of law. However in our society, morality and law do not happen at the same time, as one evolves and the other can be instant. Morality is a set of beliefs, values, standards and principles of behaviour, with individual morals varying from person to person (Martin J, 2010). Individual morality may be different to the accepted public or society morality. Moral values are almost always linked with beliefs and can be influenced by religious beliefs. In our society there are very many different religious views and these can be seen to influence and affect moral values within a particular religious group or society. Moral values are only morally binding within a society or group, they are not defined as the law. These values have usually been formed and have developed over a lengthy period of time and cannot be deliberately changed as they have slowly evolved. If changes are to be made then the changes will be gradual and be guided by the will and desire of the people, these changes will obviously take time to evolve. Moral values are almost a voluntary code of conduct and lifestyle and are followed and obeyed because of the possibility of guilt and shame being present if these values are not kept. However there are no punishments if the code of moral values is broken, but some religions may have the power to excommunicate or expel which, within that society, will act as a powerful deterrent to breaking the existing voluntary code of moral behaviour. Morality relies heavily on the individual sense of guilt or shame for its effectiveness (Martin J, 2010). The law however has different and separate rules which guide any conduct. It is binding and is enforceable. The law is able to be altered by legislation and can be changed almost immediately. However the code of conduct is obeyed because of an already existing sense of moral duty and the code is relevant and reasonable, but when the rules are broken some form of legal penalty is usually imposed. This contrasts sharply with morality aspect in which there are usually no punishments for breaches of that code (Martin J, 2010). There are many laws in the country that reflect the moral values of the vast majority of its people. There is also the overlap between morality and the law, as in murder being a crime and also being morally wrong. The law does appear to be based on moral positions but some are not accepted by everyone. The legalisation of abortion in the Abortion Act 1967 serves a vital need to protect the safety of women so that they could have abortions in safe, hygienic clinics under proper conditions (Martin J, 2010). Even with something as protective as this Act, some groups such as â€Å"Life† and â€Å"Lawyers for the Defence of the Unborn Child† fiercely opposed the morality of abortion. The Catholic Church argued that abortion is always wrong as in its belief, life begins at conception. Another contradiction involves sexual morality and the law, with people arguing that sexual conduct outside marriage is wrong, but it is not against the law, as with incest and adultery. Both are classed as morally wrong, but of the two only incest is against the law (Martin J, 2010). However the positivist stance is that properly constructed legal rules must be obeyed, regardless of morality issues or popularity in society (Martin J, 2010). The Wolfenden Committee, asked to examine and consider a variety of moral issues in 1957, recommended the legalisation of both homosexuality and prostitution. There was a lot of debate over these two issues which included the treatment by courts of cases involving both issues. Evidence was taken for three years and the committee concluded that the job of the law is to preserve public decency and public order whilst protecting the public from offensive and injurious actions, also to provide safeguards against corruption and exploitation particularly for those who are vulnerable in society. The Committee also stressed that the law did not exist to interfere in the private lives of the public or to enforce patterns of behaviour. The three main recommendations of the Wolfenden Committee were; Soliciting in the streets – should be classed as an offence. This resulted in the Street Offences Act 1959 and made soliciting illegal and aimed to protect citizens in the streets from being solicited or harassed by prostitutes (Price N, 1957). Homosexual acts – between adults in private should be decriminalised (criminal law should not interfere with private lives of citizens) This recommendation became part of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 and applied to men over 21 yrs of age, later reducing to 18 yrs of age in 1994 and to 16 yrs of age in 2000 (Price N, 1957). Prostitution – should be a private matter and not subject to interference by the law as it was a commercial act (Price N, 1957). Such was the nature of these recommendations that judge Lord Devlin and Professor Hart took opposing sides. Lord Devlin’s stance, that the findings of the Committee in which the law has no business with private morality criticised the findings. He said that private immorality harmed the public and that stability in the society is achieved through cohesion, therefore the law should safeguard it. His views were used by the courts in Shaw v DPP (1961) and R v Gibson (1991) and by the House of Lords in R v Brown (1992). Professor Hart supported the opposite view to Lord Devlin and backed the findings of the Wolfenden Committee. He argued that the moral standards in society have changed through the years and that departing from accepted standards of sexual morality by consenting adults has not threatened society. His views were followed by R v Wilson (1996) and R v Brown(1992) in the Court of Appeal. The Wolfenden Committee recognised that the law has a function to provide safety against corruption and exploitation of people, but Lord Reid argued that people who choose to corrupt themselves have that choice, it is their affair to do it and the law should not interfere. However, he continued that no licence should be given to anyone to encourage this practice. The effect of morality on English law therefore was considerable and even the European Court of Human Rights became involved when the case R v Brown (1994) was heard. This case involving homosexual sado-masochistic acts, resulting in injuries, demanded that they should be treated as unlawful although happening in private between consenting adults. The House of Lords ruled that a breach of the law of criminal assault had occurred. The defence of consent was not upheld despite the pleas from Lord Slynn and Lord Mustill claiming that the courts were not to protected people from themselves (Martin J, 2010). However the Court of Appeal in R v Wilson (1996) found that a wife could consent to her husbanding branding to her buttocks with a knife. Morals played a part in this ruling the court found that it was not their duty to interfere in the private acts between husband and wife (Martin J, 2010). These decisions again had an effect on morality, particularly when finding that private actions were not the concern of the courts, despite them seemingly being against the law. In criminal law, morality plays a large part, particularly when sexual offences are being committed. Offences of homicide and those which are not fatal acts are linked to the moral viewpoint that it is wrong to physically harm or even kill anyone without justification. The impairing of reasoning because of an abnormality of the mind – diminished responsibility, has been accepted and it is now wrong to convict a person of murder if he has that condition under The Homicide Act 1952 (Martin J, 2010). Refusing a blood transfusion on religious grounds, ensures that it cannot be given or would bring a charge of committing a criminal act, if the blood transfusion was given, even if a child’s life was in danger (Martin J, 2010). In recent years there have been cases of terminally ill patients wishing to die. No one can consent to aid their own death. Anyone assisting a person to die is guilty under the law of assisting suicide. A case of this nature was R v DPP (2001) brought about by the husband of Dianne Pretty. Her application to the courts that if her husband helped her to die he would not be prosecuted, was refused in the House of Lords despite public sympathy and approval. The ruling that her husband would be guilty of a criminal offence was upheld (Martin J, 2010). Before 1961 it was a criminal offence to commit suicide, as failure to do so when attempting suicide ensured prosecution for the offence. The law now has changed, and morality does influence the law as suicide attempts which fail are not always prosecuted (Gardner J, 2011). There are however several exceptions to the public policy of consent when assault charges are involved resulting injuries. These exceptions are usually found in examples from games or sports, tattooing, reasonable surgical acts, body piercing and horse play. These have been allowed because of general public interest, consent is accepted as a defence in these instances (Martin J, 2010). Finnis (1980) claimed that the law makes a moral claim for it-self and means that an ideal type of law (the paradigm) is a morally justified law. If the moral claims made by the law succeed in its moral aims, it is morally justified law. It is the law that lives up to the moral standards (Gardner J, 2011). A legal rule may be morally justified as it is applies to one action and not as it applies to another, in the same way it applies to one person and not as it applies to another person. It is therefore hard to imagine that any law has all the moral force that it claims for itself. The moral problem of the law is how or why it speaks to morally decent people, why it is trying to direct people to accept by claiming moral authority (Gardner J, 2011). The law always tells people what they must do without including virtue or advantage as being part of the law. It requires actions in the interest generally. One of the problems with morals is that they are wholly subjective and vary in application from one group or society, to another. What is frowned upon as immoral in one society may be tolerated in another (Green L, 2011). This can and does cause problems, particularly in cases such as abortion or adultery. These are both legal issues, but many believe to be immoral. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech A.H.A (1986) showed that a mother challenged her daughter’s doctor for issuing contraceptives. The mother lost the first hearing, won in the Court of Appeal but lost again in the House of Lords. The whole case led to children having greater rights to make their own decisions on matters like medical treatment. â€Å"Gillick Competent† was a phrase coined for this development in the moral issue. Both morals and law involv e rules as the courts enforce the law but not social rules. If the morality is a shared belief then most people will obey the rules (Martin J, 2010). In conclusion, it is clearly shown that the relationship between the law and morals is a complex and intertwined one. They both dictate the manner in which people are expected to behave in their everyday lives and how moral beliefs can have a great influence on the making of laws. It is argued by some that many aspects of criminal law represent a common moral stand point. The moral standing of a community has an influence on the development of present and future law. The views of the Wolfenden Committee, Professor Hart and Lord Devlin feature strongly in moral and legal issues, with Lord Devlin maintaining that the law should support moral principles, even if public opinion changed. Professor Hart took a different a different and opposite view to that of Lord Devlin, arguing that there should be a clear separation of law and morality. Even when contradictions in law are shown, R v Wilson (1997), in an apparent criminal act, the crime was not punished as the Court of Appeal ruled that it was consensual, a private matter, and the law should not interfere. From the 1980’s and in some areas, earlier in time, rules and laws came about through custom and established practices whereby the community would show a united disapproval if a practice was broken. Legal sanctions were not used. In modern times there are changing morals, increasing numbers of laws and development of both. As these are almost always intertwined, our society appears to depend more on the law and its rules than on many previously held moral beliefs. References Access Law (Work Guide – Hand Out) – Law and Morals (2010/2011) Gardner J, (2004-2011) Law and Morality.pdf Available at: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/pdfs/lawmoralityedited.pdf Accessed: 18th March 2011 Green L, (2002-2011) The Inseparability of Law and Morality.pdf Available at: ivr2003.net/workshop_abstracts/documents/Greenfulltext.pdf Accessed: 18th March 2011 Martin J, et al. (2009) AQA Law for A2, Third Edition. London: Hodder Education. Price N, (1957) A-Level Law Review Vol.1, No.1. p28. Sussex: A-LEVEL LAW REVIEW Ltd.   Souper M, Sixth Form Law  © 2000-2010   Law and Morality Available at: http://sixthformlaw.info/01_modules/other_material/law_and_morality/index.htm Accessed: 18th March 2011 Bibliography Harbermas J, (1986) Law and Morality, Translated by Baynes K (Boston University), THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES: Harvard University USA.pdf Available at: tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/habermas88.pdf Accessed: 18th March 2011 Riley G, (2009-2011) Law and Morality in Economic Life Available at: http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/law-and-morality-in-economic-life/ Accessed: 18th March 2011 William I, et al. (2008) Theories of Law and Morality: perspectives from Contemporary African Jurisprudence, In-Spire Journal of Law, Politics and Societies (Vol.3, No.2).pdf   Available at: tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/habermas88.pdf Accessed: 18th March 2011

Definition and Examples of Double Entendres

Definition and Examples of Double Entendres A double entendre is a  figure of speech in which a word or phrase can be understood in two ways, especially when one meaning is risquà ©. Also called innuendo. One of the most famous double entendres in American advertising is the slogan created by Shirley  Polykoff to promote Clairol hair coloring: Does she or doesnt she? The phrase double entendre  (from the French, now obsolete, for double meaning) is sometimes hyphenated and sometimes italicized. Examples and Observations Rebecca Kordecki . . . created little booties and a slide kit to use while performing moves that strengthen and lengthen the body. The name Booty Slide is a double entendre, she explains: We wear the booties on our feet, but the workout also lifts your booty.(Carlene Thomas-Bailey, American Fitness Crazes Hit the UK. The Guardian, Dec. 28, 2010)While many mento songs are about traditional folksong subjects, from political commentary to simple day-to-day life, a disproportionately large number of the songs are bawdy songs, often featuring poorly-veiled (and delightfully funny) sexual double-entendres. Popular mento songs include references to Big Bamboo, Juicy Tomatoes, Sweet Watermelon, and so on.(Megan Romer, Jamaican Mento Music 101, About.com World Music)Mrs. Slocombe: Before we go any further, Mr. Rumbold, Miss Brahms and I would like to complain about the state of our drawers. Theyre a positive disgrace.Mr. Rumbold: Your what, Mrs. Slocombe?Mrs. Slocombe: Our drawers. Theyre sti cking. And its always the same in damp weather.Mr. Rumbold: Really.Mrs. Slocombe: Miss Brahms could hardly shift hers at all just now.Mr. Lucas: No wonder she was late.Mrs. Slocombe: They sent a man who put beeswax on them, but that made them worse.Mr. Rumbold: Im not surprised.Miss Brahms: I think they need sandpapering.(Mollie Sugden, Nicholas Smith, Trevor Bannister, and Wendy Richard in Are You Being Served?) She touched his organ, and from that bright epoch, even it, the old companion of his happiest hours, incapable as he had thought of elevation, began a new and deified existence.(Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, 1844)Nurse: God ye good morrow, gentlemen.Mercutio: God ye good den, fair gentlewoman.Nurse: Is it good den?Mercutio: ’Tis no less, I tell you; for the bawdy hand of the dial is now upon the prick of noon.Nurse: Out upon you! what a man are you!(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act II, scene three)Its impossible to ignore the prominence of water as a primary motif in black spiritual culture- from the debilitated Gospel pleas to be washed white as snow to the rebellion-coded double entendre wade in the water, which referenced both baptism and escape routes from slavery.(William J. Cobb, To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic.  NYU Press, 2006)Womens Use of the Double Entendre in 18th-Century EnglandOf all the improvements in polite conversa tion, I know of nothing that is half so entertaining and significant as the double entendre. It is a figure in rhetoric, which owes its birth, as well as its name, to our inventive neighbours the French; and is that happy art, by which persons of fashion may communicate the loosest ideas under the most innocent expressions. The ladies have adopted it for the best reason in the world: they have long since discovered, that the present fashionable display of their persons is by no means a sufficient hint to the men that they mean any thing more than to attract their admiration: the double entendre displays the mind in an equal degree, and tells us from what motives the lure of beauty is thrown out. . . .The double entendre is at present so much the taste of all genteel companies, that there is no possibility either of being polite or entertaining without it. That it is easily learnt is the happy advantage of it; for as it requires little more than a mind well stored with the most natur al ideas, every young lady of fifteen may be thoroughly instructed in the rudiments of it from her book of novels, or her waiting maid. But to be as knowing as her mamma in all the refinements of the art, she must keep the very best company, and frequently receive lessons in private from a male instructor.(Edward Moore, The Double Entendre. The World, No. 201, Thursday, Nov. 4, 1756) Pronunciation: DUB-el an-TAN-dra

Annexation, Land Use Change, and Landscape Impact Dissertation

Annexation, Land Use Change, and Landscape Impact - Dissertation Example Thus the main aim of the paper is study the use of land policies for the betterment of the society. The global change has serious consequences on different landscapes. With increasingly changing environment and urgent global concerns every nation and community stands at the juncture of growing and evolving, keeping in pace with the environmental change which is critical. The competing visions of the future create the dilemma in many different ways. The type of places people of a community try to inhabit and the environment they leave behind for their future generations bring forth this dilemma. The landscapes and the nature are the factors that sustain the living of the human generation and also the life cycle of other species on the planet. The ideal future for the planet will be one in which the consumption and the use of land are done sparingly and where people cherish the landscapes. The future of the towns and the cities are expected to be vibrant as well as compact along with being green. The economic bases of the society are also expected to be restorative both environmenta lly and socially along with being viable. The ultimate vision of these theories is to result in the creation of an environment by the human community containing enduring values. People should ultimately be proud of the landscape and the environment they are about to leave for the next generations (Beatley & Manning, 1997, pp. 1-2). Carl Sauer, a born geographer was considered to be the grandfather of the theories of landscapes. He was the profounder of what can be called the ethics of land. According to the profounder it is the responsibility of human community to focus on the sustainability of the world environment and the earth for the well being of both the present as well as that of the future generations. An aesthetic rationale for the environmental progress has been given by Carl Sauer.

Survival of the Byzantine Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Survival of the Byzantine Empire - Essay Example The emperors of Latin ruled from 1204 to 1261. During the year 1261, the Byzantine reclaimed the throne. In 1453, it falls to the Turks. By 1081, all of the Asia Minor became conquered by the Turks. This deprived the heart of the empire. Some of the mentioned emperors would save the Byzantine Empire till it survived for the entire 400 years. Alexius Komnenus was the savior in 1081 when the Turks had defeated the Asia Minor. The Turks came from central Asia on horseback and came to attack the Byzantine Empire. By 1091, they owned the entire Turkey from the Byzantine (Hollister 25). However, the Byzantines got help from the Europe nation. It would be then referred to as the First Crusade. Many soldiers and knights left to assist the Byzantines. In addition, they would secure Jerusalem for the Christians, which Muslims had dominated. Alexius Komnenus was the previous general of Army. He took over the throne through the help of aristocracy. He rebuilt the empire. He literally established a state that lasted better and longer than anyone could expect (Haldon 54). He reformed the system of thematic which had perished for some time, changing to a form of feudalism. He was noble to serve within the army. In that process, he obtained land, which he gave peasants that joined him in war. He got rid of Venice allies, who defended the seas of the empire in return of economical advantages. Venice would always set the value of her services high. Alexius alliance stopped the advance of Duke Norman, who tried to attack Greece, and shifted his attention towards the northern front, in the south of Danube where Partzinaks had invaded the territory, and plagued Constantinople during 1090. Alexius died in 1118. After Alexius death, the empire had its power back and prestige that tried a further expansion. John II, the son of Alexius, took over. He was intelligent and wise. He avoided the influence of Venetian over the economy of the empire. He inflicted a solemn defeat to the tribes that jeopardized the empire in the Balkans. He conquered the Hungarians in the year 1128. He finally moved to Northern Syria, where he attacked the Antioch principality. He conquered them in 1138. John II became allied to the emperor of the western and Pisa to attack the Normans, who he defeated. He planned a campaign to reinstate the supremacy of Byzantine over Palestine. Unfortunately, he died in 1143. In 1161, a war erupted against the Hungarians as a result of the throne succession. The war ended in the year 1164 with vast advantages for the Byzantines. The Byzantines had obtained Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia. Manuel was sly, ambitious, and strong and admirer of the culture of western (Deng 25). He allied with Conrad III, the western emperor against the Normans. Conrad led the 2nd crusade with Luis Vii, the King of France. After the usual robberies and rape within the Byzantine territory by the German army, he would be conquered in Asia Minor by the Turks. The Hungarians rose s tronger, threatened the interests of the Byzantine in Russia, opposing their candidate for the Kiev Throne. However, the Byzantine diplomacy became rich due to the close relationship Manuel had with Henry II. Manuel attacked the Turk Sultanate in 1176, but he did not receive victory and lost the whole army. In 1180, Alexius II was twelve years old. His regency got assumed by Mary of Antioch, his mother. In 1182,

Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Kate Chopin Awakening Essays Pape

Kate Chopin's The Awakening In Kate Chopin's novel The Awakening, written approximately one hundred years ago, the protagonist Edna Pontellier's fate is resolved when she 'deliberately swims out to her death in the gulf'(Public Opinion, np). Her own suicide is indeed considered as a small, almost nonexistent victory by many, nevertheless there are those who consider her death anything but insignificant. Taking into consideration that 'her inability to articulate her feelings and analyze her situation [unattainable happiness] results in her act of suicide...'(Muirhead, np) portrays Edna as being incapable of achieving a release from her restricted womanhood as imposed by society. Others state that the final scene of the novel entirely symbolizes and realizes Edna's victory on a 'society that sees their [women's] primary value in their biological functions as wives and mothers?(Kate Chopin, np). In short, The Awakening is the tragic story of a woman who in a summer of her twenty-eighth year, found herself and struggled to do what she wanted to do; be happy. Although ?from wanting to, she did, with disastrous consequences?(Recent Novels 96). For those who wanted it to be a truly, and ironically, life achieving instead of life ending end, it was. But those who disagreed with Chopin?s choice ending found themselves losing some sleep over another magnificent author gone wrong (96). Various readers and reviewers alike found the ending to be sold short and unsatisfactory since it did not deliver the promise of a rewarding happy life to the protagonist who so valiantly endured her obstacles throughout the novel. Had she lived by Prof. William James? advice to do one thing a day one does not want to do [in Creole Society, two would perhaps be better], flirted less and looked after her children more, or even assisted at more accouchements- her chef d?auvre in self denial- we need not have been put to the unpleasantness of reading about her and the temptations she trumped up for herself. (96) Irony plays an inexplicable and majestic part in the conclusion of The Awakening. One can say with confidence that in a story a protagonist, or heroin in this case, is expected to fulfill a happily ever after ending not only from a repetitious guarantee but from the incisive determination by such character, whom through hardships, earned it. Edna Pontellier... ...ine. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com Muirhead, Marion. ?Articulation And Artistry: A Conversational Analysis of The Awakening.? The Southern Literary Journal 33.1 (2000): n. pag. Online. Internet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/slj/33.1muirhead.html ?Kate Chopin.? Gale Group (1999): n. pag. Online. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com/servlet/SRC ?Recent Novels: The Awakening.? The Nation Vol. LXIX, No. 1779 (3 Aug. 1899): 96 pp. Online. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC Bogard, Carley R. ?The Awakening: A Refusal To Compromise.? The University of Michigan Papers in Women?s Studies U Vol. II, No. 3 (1977): pp. 15-31. Online. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC Eichelberger, Clayton L. ?The Awakening: Overview.? Reference Guide to American Literature 3rd ed. (1994): n. pag. Online. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC Eble, Kenneth. ?A Forgotten Novel: Kate Chopin?s The Awakening.? Western Humanities Review No. 3 (1956):pp. 261-69. Online. Galenet. 4 April 2001. Available FTP: www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC

Individualism in Literature Essay

Individualism is one of the most wondrous themes of literature because of its contribution to the pursuit of human dignity. Individualism is a moral stance and a philosophical concept which puts emphasis on the moral worth and the supreme and intrinsic value of human beings (Lukes 51). Literature has proved to be an outlet for an artist’s own definition of individualism. Due to the fact that such philosophical concept is associated with so many aspects of life including society and culture and art, authors have devoted ample time in using individualism creatively while demonstrating social awareness and way of life. Among the authors who explore the concept of individualism are Ayn Rand, Charlotte Gilman and Margaret Atwood. The characters in the literary works of such authors reflect how the pursuit for individualism can be disturbed ans stunted with the occurrence of love. Rand’s dystopian book called Anthem explores the turbulent period in which mankind is forced to live with the harsh setbacks of irrationality and collectivism, and the failures of socialistic upbringing and economics. In Anthem, a youth named Equality 7-2521 finds himself in a hidden tunnel, isolating himself from an anti-individualistic society and realizinng how much solace and solitude suit him. But his search for individualism is being disrupted by the Golden One, a beautiful peasant girl whom he considers as a valuable element in his eyes (Rand 19). In Gilman’s novel titled Herland, three adventurous friends journey into an all-female land called Herland and its women deprived of social realities of the modern world and the contribution of masculinity to their maternal well-being (Gilman 95). Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale presents to readers the search for individualism in a Puritan society established using ruins of war. Atwood explores how love can redefine and inflluence a person’s search for human dignity in The Republic of Gilead that discourages the pursuit for individualism and legalizes slavery (Atwood 8). Individualism in Herland Herland is a novel that sees women in an isolated land become fascinated with the beauty and mystery of the real world where there is a sense of conformity and recognition for femininity and masculinity. One of the characters in book, Moadine, affirms such fascination to the societal settings of the real world by declaring how wonderful and supremely beautiful man’s civilization must be due to the countless contribution of science and technology (Gilman 96). It is clearly manifested that Moadine, being one of older women who teaches the three men in the way of life of Herland, has fallen into the conundrum of the Utopian society of the modern world. Moadine’s curiosity on the civilized ways of man which women in Herland are being deprived with becomes an avenue for them to enter in the mysterious homeland of the three men. Moadine is in charged in guarding one of the three male captives, Terry, a classic male chauvinist attempts to fascinate Moadine with his knowledge and control over the female mind (Gilman 37). Terry is a portrait of individualist kind of male who only recognizes the strength of the males and perceives women to be as secondary beings. Terry deeply resents women in Herland who can exist without the help of men and dares to call them sexless, epicene, and undeveloped neuters (Gilman 157). But the bitterness of Terry and his negative attitude towards the women are set aside upon his realization that he is madly in love with Alima (Gilman 157). Alima is one of the girls of Herland and embodies the attitudes and non-conformist traditions of the land. She is a tall long-limbed lady, well-knit and strong and agile (Gilman 18). The personality and upbringing of Alima voices out female superiority over men and her individualist character is deeply rooted out from her self-confidence and belief that women should never consent to an unequal relationship with the opposite sex. Alima’s eyes are full of splendor and mirrors out her wide, fearless and reluctance to pain and losing which is indicative of her interest as more that of an intent male playing in the field than of a female lured by ornaments and gentleness of romance (Gilman 19). Knowing that women love to mastered, Terry is convinced to woe Alima using sheer brute force, pride and passion of his strong masculine side (Gilman 146). Alima eventually fall in love with Terry and eventually marries him. Their love confirms the failure of individualism as they both try to live in the Utopian society as husband and wife. Another character in the story who reflects the failure of individualism is Jeff, one of the three explorers who found out about Herland. Jeff is the complete opposite of Terry and is strongly challenged by the independent and athletic girls of the isolated land. Jeff’s individualist attitude is seen upon his involvement with the almost natural advantages of Herland and its people (Gilman 137). Jeff becomes confounded with Herland’s way of living and declares his personal love for the land (Gilman 138). Prior to the discovery of the land, it is known that Jeff is so much absorbed with the realities of the Earth but maintains a priestly and angelic approach to masculinity and womanhood. But his individualist view of the modern world is changed upon the discovery of Herland that makes him realize that there is a better world than the real one. His profound appreciation for the Herlandian culture is evident in the way he treats it women and Jeff has refined conception about the women in Herland and deep thoughts about the idealized femininity. Jeff is strongly in love with Celis, showers her with a mystique kind of romance, and keeps on insisting that he take care of her rather than doing the typical thing of treating her as his equal better half. Jeff worships Celis and the ideals which she presented (Gilman 137). Celis’s mild-mannered attitude and vulnerability force Jeff to think that twice of going back to the real world together with Celis (Gilman 149). Van, one of the explorers and also the narrator in the novel, thinks of Herland critically and philosophically. Van has always stood at the middle ground, thinking of the Herlandian culture using science and used to argue about the physiological limitations of sex (Gilman 11). As the girls of Herland think that sex is just for procreation, both Van and Jeff have learned to overcome difficulties concerning sex. Van used to declare the discovery the land is aiming at friendship, a civilized attitude on both sides (Gilman 24). Both Jeff and Van do not want to leave the different kind of utopian society which Herland has for their own patriarchal and male-dominated world. In this notion, it is evident that Van falls in love with the perfection of Herlandian culture and the ways of its women. It is seen in the attitude of Van that he is no longer interested with the pursuit of individualism as he is so much swept off by the beauty and perfection of Herland. Van’s wife Ellador is equally intelligent as Van and is being motivated by her curiosity of the utopian modern society of her husband as well as her love for Van. Ellador explains things sweetly and kindly and thinks of Van as a wise man with no foolishness (Gilman 117). Such concept of him makes Van reluctant to rejoin the realities of his world and present to Ellador the harshness and stupidities of the Earth (Gilman 117). Individualism in Anthem The story of Anthem revolves around its protagonist, the youth named Equality 7-2521. Equality 7-2521 finds himself in an unspecified date in which mankind is forced to negate all the concepts of individuality and conform to the productive and capitalist values which technological advancement brings. It is clearly manifested in the novel that the author tries to eliminate the philosophical idea of individualism by eliminating the pronoun â€Å"I† and replacing it with â€Å"We† and â€Å"our† and other plural pronouns which are all indicative of conformity. Being the protagonist in the story, Equality 7-2521 struggles between individualism and collectivism. In the beginning part of the story, it is already given that the protagonist fears to be alone and dreads the consequences of having one head and one body (Rand 1). The protagonist is caught up in a world that views individualism as an illegal act, great transgression and source of all evil (Rand 1). Equality 7-2521 is a street sweeper who believes in the concept of individualism and discourages the collectivist society which the Council has established. He can be described as vain and self-centered, brave and intelligent. His curiousity and desire for freedom are what makes him fearless of the society of brainless drones who surround him. The protagonist is a symbol of superiority of a singular intellectual being to the homogeneity of the whole society which does not have the courage to think for themselves and is indistinguishable from each other. In order to hide from the evils of the Palace of the Great Council, Equality 7-2521 hides in an underground tunnel where he is alone and fulfils his longing for solitude (Rand 23). He describes the feeling hiding inside an abandoned tunnel and writing about his sentiments on the world which has gone wrong as a liberating experience. According to the protagonist, the air is pure and odorless in the tunnel which gives him enough strength to survive underground (Rand 23). One of the sentiments of Equality 7-2521 is that there is no solidarity among the brotherhood because almost everyone seem to have their own personal problems, ideal and aspirations. Fraternity 2-5503 is described by the protagonist as a quiet boy with gentle eyes who suddenly cries without reason and whose body shakes at night with unexplainable sobs (Rand 24). Solidarity 9-6347 also belongs to the brotherhood and is described by Equality 7-2521 as an intelligent and bright youth, sometimes fearless, and screams in his sleep at night (Rand 24). These observations instigate an idea that the protagonist may be different from those around him and realizes how disturbing and troubling it is to be different. Such realization makes him regret his differences and attempts to bring himself into conformity which the Council continuously promotes. The friendship of Equality 7-2521 and International 4-8818 is said to be an evil thing as they both exist in a time of great Transgression of Preference that declares loving someone better than the others in the brotherhood as illegal as it is written that they should love all men and make friends with all of them (Rand 11). The friendship of Equality 7-2521 and International 4-8818 is suggestive of the protagonist’s half-hearted attempts to erase all of his preferences for individual people, to help and care for each person equally, and to be identical to his fellow brothers. International 4-8818 considers the protagonist as a prophet. When he and Equality 7-2521 found out about the tunnel, he is torn between loyalty to his friend and to the Council. He represents an individual who secretly search for his own meaning but is disrupted in his pursuit because of the fear of breaking the law of the Council. Another character from the story is The Transgressor of the Unspeakable Word. The protagonist describes the Transgressor as young and tall and has hair of gold and blue eyes (Rand 26). The Transgressor suffers no pain as he is burned alive and his tongue had been torn out so that he can no longer speak of the true essence and meaning of individualism (Rand 26). It is said that the Transgressor has an honorable death as there was no pain in his eyes and no hints of agony in his body (Rand 26). It is said that there was only joy and pride, a pride holier than what is fit for the human pride (Rand 26). The Transgressor’s fate is reflective of the Council’s resentment of the word â€Å"individualism† which The Transgressor had been longing to proclaim. Collective 0-0009 is the leader of the World Council of Scholars. Equality 7-2521 considers Collective as the oldest yet the wisest of the Council who hates and fears him (Rand 42). Collective 0-0009 questions the superiority and the intelligence of the protagonist and accuses him of breaking the laws of the Council and boasting infamy (Rand 44). The individualistic view of Collective 0-0009 is seen through his appreciation of the Council as the sole brain of the society (Rand 44). Collective 0-0009 symbolizes the thinking force behind the evils of the collectivism in the society. Though he resents Equality 7-2521, the Collective 0-0009 is shapeless and cowardly and deeply reliant on the Council. When Equality 7-2521 meets the Golden One, his search for individualism is destroyed because he enters into a new phase in his life in which there is more to life than battling collectivism. He ventures into perfection and utopia that love insinuates as he no longer desires to deny that he prefers some of his fellows over the others. The Golden One is the name given to Liberty 5-3000 (Rand 19). Because the protagonist thinks about her all the time and his desire for love is overwhelming, he gives himself to the illegal deed. In so doing, he no longer presents to readers an individualistic Equality 7-2521, but shows to them that he is swept off by the utopia which love brings. Moreover, the Golden One gives the protagonist the privilege of having a meaningful relationship with another human being. According to Equality 7-2521, he feels all of a sudden that the Earth is good and that it is not a burden to live (Rand 19). It is evident from the beginning that the Golden One tends to be haughty and proud and does not recognize all of the constituents of the society except for Equality 7-2521. The Golden One strongly adores the protagonist because he is the bravest and the sharpest among the brotherhood. Such qualities of the protagonist make her subservient to him almost instantly as she initiates to take care of him as early as the third time they meet. When she follows him to the Uncharted Forest, she becomes the possession of Equality 7-2521 totally and she remains in that manner until the end. Individualism in The Handmaid’s Tale Atwood’s novel explores the theme of female subjugation set in the Republic of Gilead, a totalitarian and theocratic country that has replaced the United States of America in the map (Foster 6). The story is being narrated by Offred, one of the handmaids in the state. It is noted that the handmaids in the country are assigned to bear children for rich couples that have trouble conceiving. The country is founded by a male chauvinist, theocratic-organized military coup as a radical response to the pervasive social, moral and ecological degradation of the country. At the first chapter, the narrator briefly describes the differences between the social setting of the country prior to the establishment of the new republic and the present time in which women are seen as objects whose value depends on their ability to give birth (Atwood 9). The novel presents to readers an individualistic view of women as utilities for childbirth. Offred, the narrator, considers herself as a walking womb because of her duty as a handmaid whose only duty is to help maintain the declining white population (Foster 6). In the newly established country, women are stripped off of their economic and social opportunities and privileges and are recognized for their role of giving birth. The wife of the Commander, Serena Joy, fails is ashamed of herself because of her inability to conceive and somewhat envies Offred for her reproductive capacity (Atwood 20). Offred is a patronymic slave name that refers to the Commander which she serves, such as Fred. Offred is the protagonist in the story who reflects the failure to possess an individualistic attitude by engaging in an affectionate affair. Following a continuous prodding by the Commander’s wife, Offred succumbs to an illegal affair with Nick to save herself from the uncertainties which lay ahead (Atwood 226).

Manchester school of anthropology School - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1977 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Anthropology Essay Type Review Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? What were the distinctive features of the Manchester school of anthropology? Structural-functionalism, which dominated British social anthropology for much of the twentieth century, interpreted society in terms of its institutions. Institutions provided society with its structure and worked together to keep society, a bounded unit, in a state of equilibrium. A persons role or position in the structure determined their behaviour. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manchester school of anthropology School" essay for you Create order In the early 1950s, criticisms of the structural-functionalist approach began to emerge from the Manchester school of anthropology, a group of anthropologists involved with the anthropology department at Manchester University. The Manchester school reacted against the obsession with formal institutions and the structure they supposedly produced. Many felt it was time to move away from the search for ideal types and focus on the much-neglected individual and how he/she coped in a system full of contradictions and inconsistencies. The Manchester school developed a distinctive approach which focused on the role of conflict in society, acknowledged the importance of the wider context (particularly the impact of colonialism), shed light on the issue of multiple identities through their studies of urban and rural communities, and advanced a new analytical model; namely social network analysis. Although the school is distinct in certain ways, its continued reliance on the structural-func tionalist paradigm must be realised. In contrast to structural-functionalists, the Manchester school did not see social equilibrium as â€Å"a simple affair, resulting from the neat integration of groups or norms. On the contrary it emerges through the balancing of oppositions in a dialectical process† [Kuper 1973, 139]. In other words, conflict is an inherent part of society but certain mechanisms exist to ease the tensions and maintain an equilibrium. Ritual, according to Max Gluckman, was one such mechanism. He analysed â€Å"rituals of rebellion† in southern African societies and argued that â€Å"whatever the ostensible purpose of the ceremonies, a most striking feature of their organization is the way in which they openly express social tensions† [Gluckman 1963, 112]. One such ceremony occurred in Swaziland. The dominant cleavage in the society was between the king and his subjects. During the ceremony various groups formed cross-cutting ties whic h undermined and reduced the severity of the dominant cleavage and the kings subjects were given the opportunity to voice their hatred towards him. â€Å"This ceremony is†¦a stressing of conflict, a statement of rebellion and rivalry against the king, with periodical affirmations of unity with the king† [Gluckman 1963, 125]. One could infer that such a ritual could totally disrupt a society based on the domination of the ruled by the ruler. Crucially however, the people are rebelling specifically against the king, and not against the institution of kingship; â€Å"the rebellious ritual occurs within an established and unchallenged social order† [Gluckman 1963, 126-27]. In sum Gluckman explains, The acceptance of the established order as right and good, and even sacred, seems to allow unbridled excess, very rituals of rebellion, for the order itself keeps this rebellion within bounds. Hence to act the conflicts, whether directly or by inversion or in other sy mbolic form, emphasizes the social cohesion within which the conflict exists [Gluckman 1963, 127] The ritual reaffirms and perpetuates the social order. Gluckmans fieldwork in Zululand and Swaziland established conflict as an unavoidable aspect for analysis in the study of society. However, he has been criticized by many for continuing to use a structural-functionalist paradigm. His studies address the issue of conflict but always in terms of how it is contained by mediating mechanisms (such as ritual) which reaffirm the social order. Kuper explains that this emphasis on the maintenance of equilibrium grew out of his study of white-ruled Zululand, ‘which despite its many unresolved and irresoluble conflicts, â€Å"worked†, obliging him to consider ‘how social systems could contain the deep conflicts which are present in all of them [Kuper 1973, 141]. In other words, Gluckman concentrated on repetitive (as opposed to changing) social systems in which â€Å"changes occur not by alterations in the order of offices, but by changes in the persons occupying those offices† [Gluckman 1963, 128]. This, Kuper argues, is â€Å"the most vulnerable feature of Gluckmans theory† [Kuper 1973, 140]. Although it may shed light on small-scale, non-centralized communities, it ignores conflicts â€Å"in which the contending parties no longer share the basic values upon which the legitimacy of the social system rests† [Swartz 1966, 34]. From the viewpoint of the sociology of knowledge, it is no accident that this alteration of analytical focus from structure to process has developed during a period in which the formerly colonial territories of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific have been undergoing far-reaching political changes that have culminated in independence [Swartz 1966, 3] In other words, with many countries engaged in the struggle for their independence, anthropologists working in the 1950s and 1960s finally accepted that â€Å"the total political situation should be taken into account† [Kuper 1973, 142]. As the Manchester school anthropologists carried out most of th eir work in British Central Africa they focussed particularly on the impact of colonialism and capitalism in the societies they studied. Gluckman argued for the recognition of â€Å"a Central African Society of heterogeneous culture-groups of Europeans and Africans† [Kuper 1973, 141]. The point of articulation between imperial and indigenous cultures was epitomized in the position of the headman or elected elder, an office institutionalised by the British. He was seen as an â€Å"inter-calary figure†, caught between the demands of the state and the demands of his people [Kuper 1973, 143]. As Epsteins classic study of Politics in an Urban African Community shows, when Africans rioted against the British in response to an increase in taxes in 1935, the elected elders were also attacked and forced to take shelter with the colonial masters [Kuper 1973, 146]. Such studies shed light on the flaws of the colonial system and the social problems it had caused, topics almost entirely avoided by previous anthropologists. The Manchester school also focused their attention towards urban and not just rural localities. Through recognition of the urban as a valid and necessary unit of study, the school brought the issues of multiple identities and situational selection to the fore. The process of urbanization in colonial Africa markedly increased the number of identities people associated with themselves. â€Å"Sometimes a man might side with Bemba against non-Bemba; at other times with clerks against underground workers; and then again line up with fellow Africans against the white mine authority or the government† [Kuper 1973, 146-47]. In other words, people responded to this identity dilemma by choosing to use or ally with different identities, depending on the social situation; this technique is known as situational selection. In the Kalela Dance Mitchell argues that the same group of people can have very different relationships depending on whether they are in a tribal or urban setting. Thus, â€Å"ethnic identity is both situational and negotiated by actors amongst each other, and any continuity is possible in principle but not guaranteed† [Rogers 1995, 23]. In 1954 Barnes published his study of a Norwegian Parish and introduced the concept of the social network as an analytical tool [Mitchell 1969, 5]. â€Å"Basically, network analysis is very simple: it asks questions about who is linked to whom, the nature of that linkage, and how the nature of the linkage affects behaviour† [Boissevain 1979, 393]. Social network analysis studied the relationships of interacting people in actual situations. The individual, instead of structures or institutions, was the starting point. This allowed anthropologists to â€Å"concern (themselves) with individuals using social roles rather than with roles using individuals, and with the crossing and manipulation rather than the acceptance of institutional boundaries † [Rogers 1995, 20]. In contrast to the structural-functionalist approach which viewed a persons role in the structure as determining their behaviour, social network analysis considered how individuals adopt and modify the rules to further their own interests and â€Å"use network linkages in order to achieve desired ends† [Mitchell 1969, 38]. Network analysis was found to be particularly useful for studies of larger scale communities. As Mitchell argues, this is because of the â€Å"large number of single-stranded relationships in them, therefore institutional integration is relatively weak† [Mitchell 1969, 48]. In other words, in bigger, more complex communities people have fewer overlapping relations; using an institutional approach is simply not sufficient for such societies. Also, â€Å"social network analysis facilitates the tracing of the connections between locality and wider contexts†, an important factor in an approach so concerned with the â €Å"total† situation [Rogers 1995, 18]. An interesting aspect of social network analysis is its application of mathematical methods to anthropological study. Mitchell argues that the â€Å"use of graph theory and probability mathematics provides an intriguing method of erecting model networks with which empirical networks can be compared† [Mitchell 1969, 34]. This â€Å"openness to methodological innovation† was a key feature of the Manchester school but the school also widely accepted that statistical methods should be used as an aid, and not form the basis of anthropological analysis [Kuper 1973, 142]. There are numerous problems with social network analysis. â€Å"The study of personal networks requires meticulous and systematic detailed recording of data on social interaction for a fairly large group of people, a feat which few fieldworkers accomplish successfully† [Mitchell 1969, 11]. Social network analysis is simply too time-consuming and det ailed for it to be a viable analytical model in many situations. Also, although the level of abstraction is not as great as it is in the structural-functionalist approach, the anthropologist must still identify the limits or extent of a network, and select the individual or group at the centre of it. The isolation of one part of the network is â€Å"based on the fieldworkers judgement of what links are significant in explaining the behaviour of the people with whom he is concerned† [Mitchell 1969, 13-14]. Just as structural-functionalists â€Å"found† structures in society, the Manchester school â€Å"found† networks. However, the important factor to keep in mind with regard to social network analysis is that it was always intended as a complement to structural-functional analysis. As Mitchell outlines, the â€Å"notion of social networks is complementary to and not a substitute for conventional frameworks of analysis† [Mitchell 1969, 8]. In conc lusion, it is clear that the Manchester school was distinctive for several reasons. Firstly, it was an action-oriented approach which described the social system as it actually was, full of conflicts and contradictions. Cleavages and tensions were dealt with through various redressive mechanisms. Secondly, it rejected the view of society as a bounded unit and acknowledged the influence of a wider context in all situations; the role of colonialism in causing social problems in Africa was highlighted. In addition, the Manchester school addressed both urban and rural localities and in doing so furthered anthropologys understanding of multiple identities and the necessary application of situational selection. Finally, the school advanced the use of social network analysis, applying mathematical methods to the study of culture and bringing the individual and his/her interactions with other actors in actual settings to the centre of study. Despite these advances, the Manchester scho ol continued to function within a structural-functionalist paradigm. This is shown, for example, by the fact that conflict was studied only in relation to equilibrium; the school did not account for social change or transformation. Also, although they emphasised the impact and inequalities of the colonial system, the Manchester anthropologists did not provide a general theoretical approach for the colonial situation. Finally, its analytical model was designed as a complement to structural-functionalist modes of analysis. The Manchester school is characterised by several distinct features however, overall it â€Å"represents more of a shift of emphasis than a complete departure from pre-war structuralism† [Kuper 1973, 148]. Bibliography Boissevain, J. 1979. Network analysis: a reappraisal, Current Anthropology 20: 392-394. Gluckman, M. 1963. Order and rebellion in tribal Africa. London: Cohen West. Hannerz, U. 1992. The global ecumene as a network of networks, in A. Kuper (ed.) Conceptualising society. London: Routledge. Kuper, A. 1973. Anthropology and anthropologists: The modern British school. London: Routledge. Mitchell, J.C. 1969. Social networks in urban situations. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Rogers, A. S. Vertovec. 1995. The urban context: ethnicity, social networks and situational analysis. Oxford: Berg. Swartz, M., V. Turner A. Tuden. 1966. Political anthropology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.